Simple Harmonic Motion
Back to TopObjective
-
•to define the characteristics that change the period of oscillation for a mass-spring system
-
•to measure the dynamic spring constant of a spring-mass system
-
•to test the law of conservation of energy
Equipment
collision cart of a known mass on a horizontal dynamics track oscillating by the means of springs in parallel, motion sensor and photogate connected to the Science Workshop Interface, nonlinear springy objects (rubber bands), two rectangular weights of ~0.5 kg each to change the mass of the system
Figure 1
Introduction and Theory
Simple Harmonic Motion
If the hanging mass is displaced from the equilibrium position and released, then simple harmonic motion (SHM) will occur. SHM means that position changes with a sinusoidal dependence on time. The following are the equations for velocity and acceleration. By substituting equation 1, equation 3, and Hooke's Law (Fel = –kΔx) into Newton's Second Law, one can derive the equation for the angular resonant frequency of the oscillating system: where k is the spring constant and m the mass of the system undergoing the simple harmonic motion. The unit of angular frequency is radians per second (rad/s). The natural resonant frequency of the oscillator can be changed by changing either the spring constant or the oscillating mass. Using a stiffer spring would increase the frequency of the oscillating system. Adding mass to the system would decrease its resonant frequency. Two other important characteristics of the oscillation system are period T and linear frequency f. The period of the oscillations is the time it takes an object to complete one oscillation. Linear frequency is the number of oscillations per second. The period is inversely proportional to the linear frequency. The unit of the period is a second (s) and the unit of the frequency is Hertz, or s–1 (Hz = 1/s). The angular frequency is related to the period and linear frequency according to the following expression. From equations 5 and 7, it follows that the period of oscillations can be found asEnergy
In order for the oscillation to occur, the energy has to be transferred into the system. When an object gets displaced out of equilibrium, then elastic potential energy is being stored in the system. After the object is released, the potential energy transforms into kinetic energy and back. In the harmonic oscillator, there is a continuous swapping back and forth between potential and kinetic energy. For an oscillating spring, its potential energy Ep at any instant of time equals the work W done in stretching the spring to a corresponding displacement x. The kinetic energy Ek of the oscillator for any instance of time will follow the well known equation The maximum potential energy and maximum kinetic energy can be calculated accordingly. According to the law of conservation of energy: "The mechanical energy is conserved (neither destroyed nor created) in the frictionless oscillating system."Procedure
Please print the worksheet for this lab. Answer all the questions on the Lab Worksheet prior to submitting the Inlab in WebAssign.Checkpoint:
Be sure to have your TA sign your lab worksheet, printed Inlab, and all printed graphs after each part is completed. Be sure the data can be seen on the graphs.
Be sure to have your TA sign your lab worksheet, printed Inlab, and all printed graphs after each part is completed. Be sure the data can be seen on the graphs.
Part 1: Period vs. Amplitude
1
Setup the experiment as shown in Figs. 2 and 3. Open the preset experiment file: desktop\pirt inst labs\PHY 113\PreSet Up Labs\SHM.
Figure 2
Figure 3
2
With no added mass, measure the period of oscillations for starting amplitudes of 4 cm and 12 cm. Data acquisition will stop automatically after 5 sec. The sample recording is shown in Fig. 4. The period is measured by the photogate and recorded in the table to the left of the graph.
3
With no added mass, displace the cart from its equilibrium position by about 8 cm and start the recording. Record again the period of oscillations of a cart measured by the photogate. Record all three periods of oscillations in the Inlab.
Figure 4: A sample file for SHM experiment in DataStudio
Part 2: Conservation of Energy
1
Fit the recording of position vs. time to the sine wave. Parameter A is amplitude (maximum displacement) of the oscillations. Parameter B gives you the period of oscillations. You can compare its value to the value of the period measured by the photogate. Parameter D is the equilibrium position. Record these parameters in the Inlab.
2
Fit the recording of the velocity vs. time to the sine wave. Record parameter A—the amplitude (maximum value) of the velocity vs. time graph—in the Inlab.
π |
2 |
Part 3
3a. Measure the Spring Constant1
Use parameter B to calculate the resonance frequency and spring constant of a system using equations 6ω = 2πf =
and 42π |
T |
ω =
,
from the Introduction and Theory section of this lab manual.
|
2
Load the cart with heavy masses (one at a time) and measure the period of SHM while keeping the amplitude constant (e.g., 8 cm).
3
Including the data from the previous part of the experiment, you will have three points to make a graph of period vs.
.
According to the theory (equations 4m |
ω =
,
and 6
|
ω = 2πf =
), this graph should be a straight line.
2π |
T |
4
Record the slope of the T vs.
graph in the Inlab.
m |
5
Use the value of slope and its uncertainty to find the spring constant.
6
Based on the slope of the graph, calculate the dynamic spring constant of the system.
Hint: Substituting
-
ω =
2π T
-
ω =
k m
-
=2π T
.k m
-
T =
2π k m