Lab 4 - Determination of the Amount of Acid Neutralized by an Antacid Tablet Using Back Titration

Goal and Overview

Antacids are bases that react stoichiometrically with acid. The number of moles of acid that can be neutralized by a single tablet of a commercial antacid will be determined by back titration. To do the experiment, an antacid tablet will be dissolved in a known excess amount of acid. The resulting solution will be acidic because the tablet did not provide enough moles of base to completely neutralize the acid. The solution will be titrated with base of known concentration to determine the amount of acid not neutralized by the tablet. To find the number of moles of acid neutralized by the tablet, the number of moles of acid neutralized in the titration is subtracted from the moles of acid in the initial solution.

Objectives of the Data Analysis

•
understand standardization of acids and bases by titration
•
perform titration calculations
•
compare theoretical and experimental results

Background

Acid-base reactions and the acidity (or basicity) of solutions are extremely important in a number of different contexts — industrial, environmental, biological, etc. The quantitative analysis of acidic or basic solutions can be performed by titration. In a titration, one solution of known concentration is used to determine the concentration of another solution by monitoring their reaction. Recall that concentration is often reported in molarity, M.

( 1 )

M =

# moles solute

L solution

= [solute]

For example, a 1.019 M HCl solution means 1.019 moles of HCl have been dissolved in 1 L solution. A common way of representing molarity is to write 1.019 mol/L HCl, or [HCl] = 1.019 M. Also recall that molarity is a conversion factor between moles and volumes of solutions.

( 2 )

moles =

# moles solute

L solution

× (# L solution), or n = M × V

An acid is a source of aqueous H⁺(aq). For example, HCl(aq) is the acid in your stomach: HCl(aq) → H⁺(aq) + Cl^–(aq). In a healthy stomach, pH is regulated naturally and digestion functions properly when the pH is around 3 (recall neutral is pH = 7). Excess stomach acid can be combated with bases, or "antacids". Bases are H⁺(aq) acceptors; in water, they provide species that can react with H⁺(aq). Common ingredients in antacids are metal hydroxide and metal carbonate salts. The hydroxides provide hydroxide ion, OH^–, which can react with H⁺(aq) to form H₂O. Carbonates provide the carbonate ion, CO₃^2–, which can react with H⁺(aq) to form H₂O and CO₂. The reactions of interest in this lab are neutralization reactions.

( 3 )

H⁺(aq) + OH^–(aq) → H₂O(l)
2 H⁺(aq) + CO₃^2–(aq) → H₂O(l) + CO₂(g)

The active ingredients in the antacid used in this experiment are listed on the label as 110 mg of Mg(OH)₂ and 550 mg of CaCO₃. The balanced equations for the neutralization of acid with these active ingredients are:

( 4 )

Mg(OH)₂ + 2 HCl equilibrium arrow

Mg²⁺ + 2 Cl^– + 2 H₂O
CaCO₃ + 2 HCl equilibrium arrow

Ca²⁺ + 2 Cl^– + CO₂(g) + H₂O

Notice the 2-to-1 mole ratio of HCl-to-base. To determine the amount of base in an actual tablet, ideally you would dissolve it in water and titrate with acid. In most titrations, solutions of the acid and the base are used. This is not an option here because CaCO₃ is quite insoluble in water. By the time the tablet completely dissolves, you will have added too much acid. To overcome this problem, the antacid tablet is dissolved in a known amount of excess acid; the excess acid is neutralized with more base.

( 5 )

tablet[Mg(OH)₂/CaCO₃] + HCl → neutralized tablet + excess acid → acidic solution
excess HCl + NaOH → neutral solution

The excess HCl is titrated with NaOH(aq) until enough OH^– (from the NaOH solution) has been added to completely react with the excess H⁺ (from the excess HCl in the solution). So, part of the added acid is neutralized by the antacid tablet; the remainder is neutralized by the NaOH added. This is called back titration. The equivalence point is when the number of moles of NaOH added equals the number of moles of HCl remaining after the reaction with the tablet. HCl is the H⁺(aq) source; NaOH is the OH^–(aq) source. At the endpoint of the titration, the acid has been neutralized by the base.

( 6 )

V_H⁺ × M_H⁺ = n_H⁺ = n_OH^– = V_OH^– × M_OH^–
or n_H⁺ = V_OH^– [OH^–]

So:

( 7 )

n_{HCl total} = n_{HCl neutralized by tablet} + n_{HCl neutralized by NaOH}

(V_HCl × M_HCl) = (n_{HCl neutralized by tablet}) + (V_OH^– × M_OH^–)

or (n_{HCl neutralized by tablet}) = (V_HCl × M_HCl) – (V_OH^– × M_OH^–)

One factor to consider: since the tablet contains a carbonate, the neutralization reaction produces carbon dioxide. Because CO₂ dissolves in water to produce carbonic acid, H₂CO₃, it can cause your results to be off. You will drive off the CO₂ by heating the solution just below boiling for about 5 minutes to alleviate this problem. Another factor to consider: acidic and basic solutions are generally colorless. How can you tell when you have reached the endpoint of the titration? At the endpoint, the amounts of strong acid (e.g., H⁺) and strong base (e.g., OH^–) are equal. The pH changes dramatically with addition of more acid or base. An acid-base indicator gives a visual indication of the acidity or basicity of a solution. The indicator is usually an organic dye that behaves as a weak acid or a weak base. The indicator's color depends on whether it is in the dissociated or undissociated form (which depends on the pH of the solution): HIn equilibrium arrow

H⁺(aq) + In^–.

HIn is the undissociated form that is dominant at lower pH levels; In^– is the conjugate base (remains after dissociation) that is dominant at higher pH levels. HIn has one color and In^– another. The equilibrium constant for this weak acid is:

( 8 )

K_a =

[H⁺][In^– ]

[HIn]

The pH of the solution changes by about 4 pH units around the equivalence point. This means that [H⁺] (and

[OH^–])

changes by 10⁴ at that point, so the ratio of the two colored forms of the indicator changes by 10⁴. The solution transitions from 100 times as much HIn to 100 times as much In^– with just a few drops of titrant added. The color change occurs precisely at the end point (n_H⁺ = n_OH^–). A drop or two of indicator called bromthymol blue (BTB) is all that is needed to observe the endpoint. At the endpoint, BTB changes from yellow (in acid) to a faint blue (in base). The appearance of the faint blue marks the endpoint of the titration.

Procedure

Follow the procedure outlined for buret usage. Be sure your buret is clean and the stopcocks are firmly seated.

For practice:

1
Put some water in the buret and practice controlling the stopcock. Do not fill burets on the work-bench. Always keep all chemicals below eye level. This decreases the chance of getting chemicals in your eye in the event of a spill.
2
If you have air bubbles in the buret, gently knock the bottom of the buret to free them so they can rise to the surface.
3
You will determine the volume of titrant delivered by subtracting the initial buret reading from the final (volume by difference).
4
Mount the buret on the stand. In real titrations, you would put a white towel or piece of paper over the dark base of the ring stand so the color change of the indicator will be easy to see. Since this is a practice, your titrant is water. You're just practicing the stopcock control and volume reading. The goal is to get a feel for the buret.
5
Practice reading the volume (liquid level at the bottom of the meniscus). Take readings to 0.01 or 0.02 mL.
6
Record the initial volume of water. Add water to a collection flask and read the new volume. Find the volume of water added by difference.
7
Practice by delivering a milliliter, a few drops, and one drop.

Figure 1

Set up a 50-mL buret with the stock NaOH. It may help you to start with Part 3 because it takes some time for the solution to heat up and cool.

Part 1: Standardization of NaOH (if necessary)

Determine the concentration of the base, NaOH, by titrating a known mass of the monoprotic acid, KHP, to neutral (the equivalence point). The molar mass of KHP is 204.23 g/mol, and it has one acidic hydrogen per molecule.

Precisely weigh out approximately 1.000 g potassium acid phthalate (KHP). About 10 mL of NaOH should be used in the titrations. The NaOH solution's concentration is about 0.5 M. The molar mass of KHP is 204.23 g/mol, and it has one acidic hydrogen per molecule.

Put the KHP into 50–100 mL water in a 250-mL titrating flask. It does not need to dissolve completely, and you don't need to know how much water is in the flask. The KHP is functioning as a strong acid and will dissolve as it is titrated. You can warm the water to aid the dissolution if needed.

Use a few drops of BTB as indicator in the titration flask.

Record the initial volume of NaOH from the buret and then begin the titration. As you turn the stopcock, push it into the barrel so it doesn't loosen and leak.

Record the color change at the end point and the final volume on the buret. The volume of NaOH used = V_final – V_initial.

Perform three titrations with the NaOH to obtain reproducible results.

Part 2: Standardization of HCl (if necessary)

To determine the precise molarity of the HCl solution, titrate it with the NaOH to the endpoint; use BTB as the indicator unless instructed otherwise.

Use a volumetric pipet to transfer exactly 10 mL of stock HCl into a 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask.

Record the initial volume of NaOH and titrate the HCl.

Record the color change at the end point and the final volume of NaOH. The volume of NaOH used = V_final – V_initial.

Repeat to be sure you can get reproducible results.

STOP — if you were not instructed to do parts 1 and 2, record the molarities of the HCl and the NaOH in your notebook. The molarities values listed on the bottles are to the ten-thousandth place (four decimal places).

Part 3: Determination of the Amount of Acid Neutralized by an Antacid Tablet

You will first react the antacid tablet with a known amount (volume) of the standardized HCl. Then you will titrate the remaining HCl with the standardized NaOH to determine the amount of acid that was not consumed by the antacid tablet. Please make sure that you have recorded the molarities of the NaOH and HCl (on the reagent bottles to four decimal places).

Rinse all the glassware you will be using. You must have data for at least four good trials. Please make sure you follow your TA's instructions carefully.

Record the mass of four antacid tablets to the nearest 0.01 g (pan balance). Each tablet will weigh a different amount, so keep track of which tablet is in which flask (see step 3).

Label four 125 mL Erlenmeyer flasks. To each flask add about 25 mL of distilled water.

Using a volumetric pipet, accurately add 25 mL of HCl and an antacid tablet. Make sure to record the molarity from the bottle if you did not standardize it. The 25-mL volumetric pipet has an uncertainity of ±0.03 mL.

Heat gently to a near boil for about 5 minutes, carefully avoiding splattering.

Be sure that the tablets are completely dissolved before titrating the solutions.

Allow the solutions to cool (to touch).

Add a few drops of BTB indicator.

Record the molarity of the NaOH (if you did not standardize it). The first titration may be a trial to learn approximately what volume of NaOH is needed to reach the endpoint and to become familiar with the color change at the endpoint.

Record the initial volume of NaOH to 0.01 mL.

Add NaOH in about 1 mL portions while swirling the solution. Stop between additions to swirl for a moment and observe the color. When you begin to see temporary faint color changes, add the NaOH in 0.5-mL increments. Near the endpoint, add the NaOH dropwise.

Record the final volume on the buret to 0.05 mL when you reach the endpoint. Save the solution in the flask as a reminder of the final color. The volume of NaOH required is V_final – V_initial; report the volume needed to 0.05 mL.

Accurately titrate the three remaining samples.

Dispose of your waste solutions in the waste containers in the back hood. Clean your bench top and rinse your glassware. Return any equipment that you borrowed (clean).

Calculate the number of moles of HCl, n_H⁺, to four sigificant figures using the volume and molarity of the HCl solution. This is the total amount of acid requiring neutralization (by the tablet and the NaOH).

Calculate the number of moles of NaOH titrant that you added to four significant figures using molarity and volume. This is the number of moles of HCl neutralized by the NaOH.

Determine the number of moles of HCl not neutralized by the NaOH to four significant figures. This is the number of moles of HCl neutralized by the antacid.

( 9 )

n_{acid neutralized by tablet} = n_{acid initially in flask} – n_{acid neutralized by NaOH}

Find the average number of moles of HCl neutralized by the tablet and standard deviation.

Compare the average with the amount theoretically expected based on the label. Express this comparison as the % ratio of the actual amount of acid that a tablet neutralizes to the theoretical amount that it should neutralize (to three significant figures).

( 10 )

% = 100% × (n_{acid actually neutralized}) / (n_{acid theoretically neutralized})

This could be less than 100% if the tablet does neutralize as much as expected or more than 100% if it exceeds what is claimed on the label.

Use the average moles of HCl neutralized by the tablets and the average mass of the tablets to determine the moles of acid neutralized per gram of tablet (to three significant figures). This is a more universal neutralization expression (it is independent on the mass of the tablet).

Reporting Results

Complete your lab summary or write a report (as instructed).

Results

Part 1. M_OH^– individually and average (with error). If you did not do this step, please write the molarity of the NaOH. Part 2. M_H⁺ individually and average (with error). If you did not do this step, please write the molarity of the HCl. Part 3. Antacid results

moles of acid initially, n_{acid initially in flask}
moles of acid titrated with base, n_{acid neutralized by NaOH}
moles of acid neutralized by tablet, n_{acid neutralized by tablet}
percent error (average moles of acid actually neutralized relative to the theoretical value)
average moles neutralized per gram of tablet (from multiple measurements)

Discussion/Conclusions

What you did, how you did it and what you determined
What were possible experimental reasons for error (deviations from expected values)
How consistent were your tablets in the amount of antacid they contained?